Chapter 7 - Tertiary and Quaternary Activities | NCERT Class 12 Geography Solutions

Answer the following questions in about 30 words.
(i) Explain retail trading service.

Ans. It is a business activity that deals with the sale of goods directly to the consumers. Most of the retail trading take place in fixed establishments or stores solely devoted to selling.

(ii) Describe what are Quaternary services

Ans. Quaternary services is that sector that is knowledge oriented and involves some of the following elements like :- collection, processing and production of information. Quaternary activities revolve around research and development and may be seen as an advanced form of service involving specialized knowledge, technical skills, and administrative competence.

(iii) Which are the fast emerging countries in medical tourism.

Ans. Medical tourism is increasing in countries of Asia, South America and Eastern Europe. In fact they are competing for it. Many world class hospitals are located in metropolitan cities of these regions that cater to patients all over the world. Countries like India, Thailand, Switzerland, Australia Singapore and Malaysia are the fast emerging countries of medical tourism.

(iv) What is the meaning of the term digital divide?

Ans. The term digital means the technology that we use today and when it comes to technology we have both information as well as communication technology. The gap between countries in terms of technological development is what we refer to as digital divide. It is due to economic, political and social differences among countries.


Answer the following questions in not more than 150 words

(i) Discuss the significance and growth of service sector with respect to modern economic development.

Ans. The services sector is the key driver of modern economic growth. Some of the services that fall under the Services Sector are :- construction, trade, hotels, transport, restaurant, communication and storage, social and personal services, insurance, banking, business consulting services, real estate etc. Presently, in India the service sector is much higher than both agriculture and manufacturing sector and is now more than 50% of nation's GDP. The contribution of the Services Sector in the GDP has sky rocketed in the last few years. And it is majorly because many foreign companies have shown interest in doing business with India. This is only possible because of the fact that India has a large pool of skilled, low cost, and educated workers. Many foreign business have outsourced their work to India specially in areas of business processing outsourcing which is also know as BPO, and other information technology IT related services. Due to all of this, there is massive boost to the services sector in India which contributes heavily to the India’s GDP.

(ii) In detail explain the significance of transport and communication services.

Ans.Transportation is a service or facility by which persons, manufactured goods, machines are physically carried from one place to another. It is basically a business in which mobility is the prime factor. Modern society requires speedy and efficient transport systems to assist goods in reaching the market and consumer on time. Usually the cost of transportation is calculated by distance it need to be covered and the mode by which transportation need to be done. Transportation is divided into three modes i.e. land, sea and air.
Communication services deal with the modes by which transmission of words and messages can be done efficiently. Traditionally and even today at some place, communication is majorly dependent on physically travelling. But with the development technology specially in sectors of mobile and satellites, communication has become totally independent of any type of transport. Time being an important factor in communication, it has reduced from weeks to minutes. Today communication is direct and instantaneous at any time and from anywhere. Some of the modes of communications services are:- Radio, television, newspaper, internet, mass media etc.

The video lecture for this chapter is available here:-https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Q4DFLVXi-0

Chapter 6 - Secondary Activities | NCERT Class 12 Geography Solutions

NCERT solutions for class 12 Geography

1. Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below.

(i) Which one of the following statements is wrong?

(a) Cheap water transport has facilitated the jute mill industry along the Hugli.

(b) Sugar, cotton textiles and vegetable oils are footloose industries.

(c) The development of hydro-electricity and petroleum reduced, to a great extent, the importance of coal energy as a location factor for industry.

(d) Port towns in India have attracted industries.

(ii) In which one of the following types of economy are the factors of production owned individually ?

(a) Capitalist

(b) Mixed

(c) Socialist

(d) None

(iii) Which one of the following types of industries produces raw materials for other industries?

(a) Cottage Industries

(b) Small-scale Industries

(c) Basic Industries

(d) Footloose Industries

(iv) Which one of the following pairs is correctly matched ?

(a) Automobile industry … Los Angeles

(b) Shipbuilding industry … Lusaka

(c) Aircraft industry … Florence

(d) Iron and Steel industry … Pittsburgh

2. Write a short note on the following in about 30 words.

(i) High-Tech industry

Ans. It is called High-Tech industry because it simply uses high-technology,which  is the latest generation of manufacturing activities. The applications are developed through intensive research and development. Most of the workers in this industry are professional (white collar).Usage of robotics, computer-aided design (CAD) and electronic controls are common in this industry.

(ii) Manufacturing

Ans. Manufacturing industry is a machine based, power driven production unit where processing of raw material takes place in converting natural resources into a more valuable commodity.

(iii) Footloose industries

Ans. Footloose industries are those that are not dependent on any specific raw materials. They are dependent on component parts which can be obtained anywhere. They produce in small quantity and also employ a small labour force.

3. Answer the following in not more than 150 words.

(i) Differentiate between primary and secondary activities.

Primary Activities	Secondary Activities
It involves the extraction of raw materials from the Earth.	It involves the transformation of raw materials into valuable goods.
The types of workers in this sector include farmers, coal miners and hunters.	People engaged in this sector are - factory workers, craftsmen etc.
Primary activities ncludes, hunting and gathering, pastoral activities, fishing, forestry, agriculture, and mining and quarrying.	Secondary activities are concerned with manufacturing, processing and construction (infrastructure) industries.
People engaged in primary activities are called red-collar workers	People engaged in secondary activities are called blue-collar workers.

(ii) Discuss the major trends of modern industrial activities especially in the developed countries of the world.

Ans. Some major trends of modern industrial activities especially in the developed countries are:-

1. Division of work - Workflow in a modern industry is divided into smaller tasks. These tasks are then assigned to individual workers, who work on it repeatedly. This way, the worker builds specialization in that particular work. Division of work is also effective in producing more goods/products with less effort.
2. Mechanization - It refers to using gadgets to finish a task. Hitech computers, robotics, automation and controlled systems are being used without human aid to accomplish a task. Mechanization helps in boosting productivity and efficiency of the production work..
3. Technological innovation - Today industries in developed countries are constantly investing in research and development and finding new ways to improve quality, eliminate wastage and inefficiency, and combating pollution. Technological innovation helps an organization become operationally effective, responsive and improve outcomes.

(iii) Explain why high-tech industries in many countries are being attracted to the peripheral areas of major metropolitan centers.

Ans. Metropolitan areas are region consisting of a densely populated urban population. Often it is regarded as vital economical, cultural and political centers of a state. These are also hub for regional and international associations and communications. These places can be identified by the sky-scraping buildings, shopping malls, metal roads, advanced hospitals, restaurants and other such amenities. Metropolitan cities also provide adequate employment opportunities and consists of skilled and highly skilled labours. High-Tech industries are highly mechanized, automated hence metropolitan areas are the perfect supplier of skilled labours, which is very important for this particular industry’s growth.

 

(iv) Africa has immense natural resources and yet it is industrially the most backward continent. Comment.

Ans. The reasons can be colonial exploitation, lack of skilled human resources, tribal divided societies, widespread corruption, dominated by natural phenomena etc. 

Natural phenomena:- The continent's northern half is primarily desert or arid, while its central and southern areas contain both savanna plains and very dense jungle (rainforest) regions. Africa is the hottest continent on earth; dry lands and deserts comprise 60% of the entire land surface. Infrastructure investments and maintenance can be very expensive, especially in such areas as landlocked, rural and sparsely populated countries in Africa.
Colonialism:- The principal aim of colonial rule in Africa by European colonial powers was to exploit natural wealth in the African continent at a low cost. The effects of colonialism are psychological and that domination by a foreign power has created a lasting sense of inferiority and subjugation that hinders growth and innovation.
Skilled human resources:- An educated and skilled human resource is a key lever for accelerating economic growth and human development. The poor level of skills and institutional development in natural resource management has resulted in yearly massive financial losses. Lack of specialized schools or institutions is the problem because the incentives for local skills development are lower than elitists’ interests and because of some perverse effects of the international division of labour.
Tribal divided society:- Traditionally, African societies and even states functioned through an elaborate system based on the family lineage, the clan, the tribe, and ultimately a confederation of groups with ethnic, cultural, and linguistic characteristics in common. Societies in Africa are deeply divided on these lines. This is clearly a resource for political manipulation and underestimating the fundamental social reality. Lack of unity creates doubt, suspicion, lack of trust and ultimately corruption.
Widespread corruption:- Corruption remains one of the most significant challenges to Africa's governance, economic growth, peace, stability and development. The socio-economic and political cost of corruption in Africa is tremendous. Some countries, such as Rwanda and Tanzania, have made significant advances in reducing corruption. But others, including Nigeria, Kenya, South Africa and Sudan has hardly changed. Corruption has created a huge economic divide where some people have benefited their own pockets at the expense of the poor people. Government in Africa abuses public funds for private needs. Hence corruption is slowing the pace of Africa's development.

Chapter 5 - Primary Activities | NCERT Class 12 Geography Solutions

1. Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below.

(i) Which one of the following is not a plantation crop?

(a) Coffee

(b) Sugarcane

(c) Wheat

(d) Rubber

(ii) In which one of the following countries co-operative farming was the most successful experiment?

(a) Russia

(b) Denmark

(c) India

(d) The Netherlands

(iii) Growing of flowers is called:

(a) Truck farming

(b) Factory farming

(c) Mixed farming

(d) Floriculture

(iv) Which one of the following types of cultivation was developed by European colonists?

(a) Kolkoz

(b) Viticulture

(c) Mixed farming

(d) Plantation

(v) In which one of the following regions is extensive commercial grain cultivation not practised?

(a) American Canadian prairies

(b) European Steppes

(c) Pampas of Argentina

(d) Amazon Basin

(vi) In which of the following types of agriculture is the farming of citrus fruit very important?

(a) Market gardening

(b) Plantation agriculture

(c) Mediterranean agriculture

(d) Co-operative farming

(vii) Which type of agriculture among the following is also called ‘slash and burn agriculture’?

(a) Extensive subsistence agriculture

(b) Primitive subsistence agriculture

(c) Extensive commercial grain cultivation

(d) Mixed farming

(viii) Which one of the following does not follow monoculture?

(a) Dairy farming

(b) Mixed farming

(c) Plantation agriculture

(d) Commercial grain farming

2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words.

(i) Future of shifting cultivation is bleak. Discuss.

Ans. Shifting cultivation is also called as slash and burn agriculture. After

sometime (3 to 5 years) the soil loses its fertility and the farmer shifts to another parts and clears another patch of the forest for cultivation. One of the major problems of shifting cultivation is that the cycle of Jhum becomes less and less due to loss of fertility in different parcels.

(ii) Market gardening is practiced near urban areas. Why?

Ans. Market gardening and horticulture specialize in the cultivation of high value crops. It is both labour and capital intensive, therefore to yield profit market gardening is located near urban areas where high income group of consumer are located.

(iii) Large scale dairy farming is the result of the development of transportation and refrigeration.

Ans. There is no off season for dairy farming. Since the urban and industrial demands for milk and dairy products are always high. The development of transportation, refrigeration, pasteurization and other preservation processes have increased the duration of storage of various dairy products.

3. Answer the following questions in not more than 150 words.

(i) Differentiate between Nomadic Herding and Commercial Livestock Rearing.

Ans.

Nomadic Herding Rearing	Commercial Livestock Rearing
It is practiced by nomads who move from one place to another in search for food, water and shelter.	It is practiced by people who are well settled.
Quality of the animals is poor and so is the produce which meets the local requirement of the nomads.	Animals are reared on big ranches, and the animals are well cared.
Output is less, hence it is purely for self consumption.	Output is large and the products are processed and exported.
It is generally practiced in the regions of tropical Africa, Sahara and Asiatic deserts, mountainous areas of Tibet and Andes and in the Arctic and sub-Arctic areas.	New Zealand, Australia, Argentina, Uruguay and United States of America are important countries where commercial livestock rearing is practiced.

(ii) Discuss the important characteristic features of plantation agriculture. Name a few important plantation crops from different countries.

Ans. The characteristic features of plantation agriculture are:-

1. Large estates / property for plantations
2. Large capital investment
3. Requires managerial and technical support
4. Scientific methods of cultivation
5. Single crop specialization
6. Cheap labour
7. And a good system of transportation which links the estates to the factories and markets for the export of the products.

Some of the important plantation crops are:- cocoa and coffee plantations in west Africa, tea gardens in India and SriLanka, rubber plantations in Malaysia, sugarcane and banana plantations in West Indies, coconut and sugarcane plantations in the Philippines.

Countries that practice plantation agriculture